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The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces significant challenges to grid stability and energy management. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications offer an innovative solution by leveraging EVs as decentralized energy resources. Studying single-phase systems is an essential part of the V2X cases. Today, conventional grid-following control approaches in embedded chargers are limited to grid-connected scenarios and can face instability issues in weak grid conditions. Hence, grid-forming control emerges as a universal control strategy. This paper explores the implementation of GFM control on embedded single-phase EV chargers, emphasizing the constraints of small connection inductance and the necessity of robust power calculation methods. A novel quadrature signal generation method, the Virtual Phase Generator (VPG), is proposed to improve stability margins and ensure accurate power computation. The effectiveness of the approach is validated through dynamic simulations.

This paper provides a comprehensive examination of various Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) scenarios, emphasising on those that pose significant challenges. A focus is given to the Vehicle-to-Load/Home (V2L/H) scenario, where a three-phase embedded charger is tasked with powering a single-phase load. In this context, it is crucial to properly manage the load’s neutral to ensure the voltages delivered by the charger remain balanced. The paper delves into two potential methods for neutral connection, elucidating the implications each method has on the power electronics involved.This paper provides a comprehensive exam- ination of various Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) scenarios, emphasising on those that pose significant challenges. A focus is given to the Vehicle-to-Load/Home (V2L/H) scenario, where a three-phase embedded charger is tasked with powering a single-phase load. In this context, it is crucial to properly manage the load’s neutral to ensure the voltages delivered by the charger remain balanced. The paper delves into two potential methods for neutral connection, elucidating the implications each method has on the power electronics involved.

Given the widespread use of electric vehicles, they can be used in their idle state to provide services when connected to the grid or supply power in islanded operation using the bidirectional charger. Today, when connected to the grid, reversible chargers employ grid-following control, and when operating in islanded conditions, they use constant voltage constant frequency control. However, limitations exist for both control strategies. In this context, grid-forming control can be used to operate in all cases. This paper showcases the potential of grid-forming control when applied to a reversible charger for different operation modes of electric vehicles.