{"id":9213,"date":"2026-07-08T09:28:14","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T08:28:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/?page_id=9213"},"modified":"2026-07-08T09:33:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T08:33:39","slug":"historiques-des-sujets-de-stages-master","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/formation\/historiques-des-sujets-de-stages-master\/","title":{"rendered":"Historiques des sujets de stages Master"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Sujets de Master 2024 &#8211; 2025<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets Master<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe EP<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>High Power Density Design of a HF Transformer for an EV Embedded Charger, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/High-Power-Density-Design-of-a-HF-Transformer-for-an-EV-Embedded-Charger.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Design and realization of overcurrent-resistant chip packages, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet_stage_Botter_Nicolas.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Improvement of PCB Layout for Fast-Switching Power Converters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-de-Mastre-avec-references.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Low level control of a half and full bridge sub modules Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/MMC-voltage-balancing-algorithm.doc\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Scalable single-module battery for on-road heavy-duty electrified vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/MSc1-Internship-proposal-L2EP-Ampere-MARSHALL.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Scalable single-stack fuel cell for on-road heavy-duty electrified vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/MSc3-Internship-proposal-FEMTO-L2EP-MARSHALL.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Practical control schemes of a POLARIS system, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master-L2EP-CERN-2024-v2.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Modelling and Control of Multi Three-Phase Drives for Transportation, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dual-Three-phase-Control-master_2024-2025.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span>T<\/span><span>opological <\/span><span>O<\/span><span>ptimization and <\/span><span>A<\/span><span>dditive <\/span><span>M<\/span><span>anufacturing for <\/span><span>L<\/span><span>ow-<\/span><span>N<\/span><span>oise <\/span><span>E<\/span><span>lectrical <\/span><span>M<\/span><span>achines, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_E2SD_2024-2025-L2ep-SilemTop-Gillon.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Iron Loss Measurement by Infrared Thermography Imaging, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_2024-25_1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Effect of shrink-fitting on magnetic properties of electrical steels, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_2024-25_2.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Modeling the Ecological and Economic Costs of Energy Equipment, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/COSMAC_N3_master_2024-2025.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Distributed learning for Adaptive Control of Local Batteries for Renewable Energy Integration in electrical networks, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/template-master_2024-2025-BINOT-Distributed-learning.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5><span>Sujets en collaboration avec des industriels<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Modular Multilevel Converter Double Star topology AC\/DC and DC\/AC modeling and study for industrial application, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/GE-Power-Conversion-Belfort-Internship-Real-Time-Simulation-MMC.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Diagnostic Technique et \u00c9valuation de la Dur\u00e9e de Vie des Composants, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Internship-electronic-diagnosis-AGG.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Etude \u00e9l\u00e9ments finis d&rsquo;un moteur \u00e0 haute tension en alimentation d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9e, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet_Stage_EDF_RD_Etude-EF-dun-moteur-HT-en-ouverture-de-phase.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Electromagnetic and vibro-acoustic study of Switched Reluctance Machine for roller shutters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Stage-Master-Somfy-L2EP_MRV-bruit-Sept-2024_V1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Sujets de Master 2023 &#8211; 2024<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets Master<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Deep learning-based digital twin for power converters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deltwinco-Master-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Preliminary studies on the capacity of natural gas networks to store energy from renewable electrical sources and to generate electrical energy to the electrical grid, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_Proposal_XK_PEPR_TASE_2023_2024.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Study and analysis of the interaction between transmission and distribution grids, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master_2023-2024_RTE-GEREDIS-JUNIA_VF.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>A comparative life cycle assessment of a hybrid AC\/DC microgrid and its AC equivalent in a<br \/>\ntertiary building, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master_ACV.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Influence of the battery ageing on an EV performance, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-M2-Commande-2023-2024-German.doc\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Energy conversion in a distributed actuators vibrating structure, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/template-sujet-Master-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Braking strategy of battery electric vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/M2-LaMcube-L2EP-Brake4EV_final.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Artificial Intelligence for Dynamic Programming, Application to optimal design and control of multi-sources electric systems, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023-2024-master-project-AI4DP.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Machine Learning-Based Material Modeling for Electric Motor Design, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-2023_ZTAB.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Study of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) under residual stress : Application to EDF power plant tubes, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022-MBN-En-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe EP<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Design and realization of a calorimetric test bench to measure losses in power converters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-calorimetrie-2023-24.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>SiC power devices characterization and modeling for embedded power converters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-SiC-2023-24.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Use of an innovative electric vehicle power architecture for the reduction of its DC-DC converter, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Proposition_stage_E2SD_2023-24_EP-3-1.pptx\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Use of an innovative electric vehicle power architecture for the reduction of its DC-DC converter, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/template-master_2023-2024-CF.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets inter \u00e9quipe<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>OMN, COMMANDE, Design and study of a polyphase machine aimed at avionic transportation, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sujet-Master-2023-MSpolyphase.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Sujets de Master 2022 &#8211; 2023<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets Master<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Impact of climate change on low voltage network operation and planning, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/BINOT-master_2022-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Modeling and power management of EVs charging station powered by PV-based DC<br \/>\nmicrogrid, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Description-master_YK_DA_2022-2023-1.pdf\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Description-master_YK_DA_2022-2023-1.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Architectures of hybrid AC and DC distribution grids according to various usages, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_2022-2023-Christophe-Bruno.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Design and optimization of a hybrid PV\/Thermal coupled system for effective solar water heating and electricity production, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/RESEAUX_Master_2022-2023_Solar-Hybrid.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>DC \/ DC converters for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grid, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/DC-DC-converters-for-High-Voltage-Direct-Current-HVDC-grid-.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Ultrasonic Skin Model, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Skin_Commande_2022-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>MODELLING and CONTROL OF a DRONE FOR EVTOL APPLICATION,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Proposition_L2EP-Commande-22-23-Quadridrone.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Characterization of a battery test bench for the Nissan Leaf, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Subject-MasterThesis-2023-BatteriesV02.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Techno-economic assessment of the scalability of electric powertrains for electric vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/STeVE-TEA_final.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>REDUCTION DE MODELES APPLIQUEE AUX MACHINES SYNCHRONES, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/REDUCTION-DE-MODELES-APPLIQUEE-AUX-MACHINES-SYNCHRONES.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>MEC MODELING OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR DESIGN BY OPTIMIZATION,<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_E2S2_2022-2023-L2ep-MEC_electricMachineTO.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_E2S2_2022-2023-L2ep-MEC_electricMachineTO.pdf\"><\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_E2S2_2022-2023-L2ep-MEC_electricMachineTO.pdf\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Magnetic ageing of electrical steels subjected to thermal operating conditions encountered in electrical mobility applications, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022-MAGAGE-En.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Study of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) under residual stress : Application to EDF power plant tubes, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022-MBN-En.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Innovative modelling analysis of asynchronous machines, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/INNOVATIVEMODELLINGANALYSISOFASYNCHRONOUSMACHINES2022-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Recycling of Electrical Machines used in Automotive Application, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/L2EP-I2M-master-2022-2023-Recycling.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe EP<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Comparison of Power Transistor Technologies for Battery Chargers onboard Electric Vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-OBC-2022-23.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-OBC-2022-23.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Design of multi-layer PCB for efficient power conversion, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_topic_2022-2023.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_topic_2022-2023-1.pdf\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_topic_2022-2023-1.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master-Thesis_2022-2023_AIplanar.pdf\"><\/a>AI for the design of HF planar magnetics, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master-Thesis_2022-2023_AIplanar.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets en collaboration avec des industriels<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Mat\u00e9riau magn\u00e9tique pour application transformateur tournant a\u00e9ronautique, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage-SAFRAN-TECH-L2EP-MSMP-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Electrostatic Characterization of Planar Transformer for High Density DC\/DC Converter, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Offre_Stage_Mitsubshi_GRG_032022.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9duction de mod\u00e8les appliqu\u00e9e aux machines synchrones,<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master-EdF-L2EP.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master-EdF-L2EP.pdf\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;une interface python pour mod\u00e9liser les moteurs \u00e9lectriques, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet_Stage_EDF_RD_Interface_python_modelisation_moteurs.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Etude et mod\u00e9lisation du comportement des syst\u00e8mes de stockage par batteries (BESS), <span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Etude-et-modelisation-du-comportement-des-systemes-de-stockage-par-batterie-.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Etude-et-modelisation-du-comportement-des-systemes-de-stockage-par-batterie-.pdf\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Sujets de Master 2021 &#8211; 2022<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets Master Thesis<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Modelling and integration of electric flexibility of tertiary building equipement for energy management optimisation, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/StageMasterEB.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>AI techniques for on line optimal adjustment in an energy management system, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021_2022-master-internship-bruno-FRANCOIS.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Operating V2X with Grid-Forming control, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210906_MasterE2S2_PropositionSujetABruyere_v01.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Integration of static DC \/ DC Converters for the Interconnection of HVDC\u00a0grids, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/DC-Converters-for-the-Interconnection-of-HVDC-grids.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Modeling and control of propulsion unit (propeller \/ electric motor) for EVTOL application, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage-Meetyc-L2EP-LMFL-NKN-PJ.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hardware in the Loop tests of a battery in traction mode, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-M2-Commande-2021-2022-German.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>VibroLoc: Localized Vibrotactile Stimulation by remote Actuators, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Giraud-master_2021-2022.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Comparison of Inversion-based control and state feedback control for\u00a0SIRIUS_FP2P2S power converters, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-M2-E2SD-21-22-L2EP-CERN.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Characterization and modelling of the magnetic aging of electrical steels, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021-2022_master_project_Magnetic_Aging_Electrical_Steels.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Topology Optimization toward Additive Manufacturing, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/E2SD_2021-2022-Subject-master-project-Topology-Optimization-toward-Additive-Manufacturing-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>To a phenomenological modeling of the magnetic hysteresis of grain-oriented materials, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021-aniso-hyst-En-Sujet.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe EP<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Virtual Prototyping of Planar Transformers: Adjustment of the leakage inductance for HF<br \/>\nisolated DC\/DC converter, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_2021-2022_planar.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Design of a high efficiency power converter with PCB embedded GaN transistors, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_topic-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span>High-current power converter using GaN devices, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-Parallel-2021-22.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets inter-\u00e9quipes<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Development of High Frequency Model of Power Cables dedicated to Power System\u00a0Application, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master-r\u00e9duction-de-mod\u00e8le.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>SPeED \u2013 Scalability of Power electronic converter for ElectrifieD vehicles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/M2-E2SD-SPeED-2021-2022_v3c.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets en collaboration avec des industriels<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Conception pr\u00e9liminaire d\u2019un smart-grid ferroviaire par optimisation simultan\u00e9e des composants du syst\u00e8me et de leur contr\u00f4le, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021-2022-sujet-optimisation-ferroviaire.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Conception d\u2019un d\u2019actionneur \u00e9lectrom\u00e9canique pour l\u2019A\u00e9rospatial, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Conception-fabrication-du-moteur-dun-Switch-electrom\u00e9canique-AA.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Study of the effect of the manufacturing imperfections on the vibro acoustic behaviour of\u00a0an electrical machine, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage-Master-L2EP-LAMIH-EOMYS.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mod\u00e9lisation d\u2019une travers\u00e9e de transformateurs en vue du diagnostic, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage_T6E_2020_TJacq_Traversees_Transformateurs.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>METRON \/ L2EP, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-de-stage-ENSAM-METRON.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Conception d\u2019un d\u2019actionneur \u00e9lectrom\u00e9canique pour l\u2019A\u00e9rospatial, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-de-stage-ENSAM-METRON.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Sujets de Master 2020 &#8211; 2021<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets acad\u00e9miques<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimization of interconnected micro-grids using decomposition methods, <span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-2021-sujet_stage_SEEDS_L2EP.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-2021-sujet_stage_SEEDS_L2EP.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-2021-sujet_stage_SEEDS_L2EP.pdf\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Design of electric motor for parallel hybrid vehicle by optimization on drive cycles, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-2021-master-project-hybrid-vehicle.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Investigation of the machine learning on the magneto-mechanics numerical computation of\u00a0transformer, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_2020-2021_Zuqi.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Data Assimilation for Digital Twin of Electrotechnical Products, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-2021-sujet-master-data-assimilation.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Development of high frequency model of power cables dedicated to power system application,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master-Cables.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujet \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe\u00a0\u00c9LECTRONIQUE DE PUISSANCE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Virtual prototyping of hight-frequency planar transformer, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master_2020-2021_Planar.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>VibroLoc: Localized Vibrotactile Stimulation by remote Actuators, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Giraud-master_2020-2021.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Sujets en collaboration avec des industriels<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>OMN,\u00a0Calculs \u00e9lectrom\u00e9caniques des efforts sur la\u00a0cage de d\u00e9veloppantes dans les\u00a0alternateurs, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage_T6E_2021_JYRoger_effortsDeveloppantes.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>OMN, Calcul \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques des balourds dans les alternateurs du parc de production hyddraulique, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage_T6F_2021_JPDucreux_JYRoger_SpapsCarmel.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>OMN,\u00a0Calcul de performances d\u2019un moteur asynchrone par reconstitution des param\u00e8tres d\u2019un mod\u00e8le, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage_T6F_2021_JPDucreux_LAudibert_PbInversesCarmel_v1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>OMN, Analyse multiphysiques du fonctionnement de c\u00e2bles \u00e9lectriques, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Stage_T6F_2021_JPDucreux_MFratila_CableMultiPhysique.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Master thesis<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>To a phenomenological modeling of the magnetic hysteresis of grain-oriented materials, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/master_2020-2021_Oualid.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Impact of the environment on ferrite inductance, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Master_E2S2_2020-2020-L2ep-Impact-of-the-environment-on-ferrite-inductance.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Operating grid-forming control on medium-(low-)voltage networks, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200706_MasterE2S2_PropositionSujetABruyere_v02.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Modular Multilevel Converters with internal storage system, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Modular-Multilevel-Converters-with-internal-storage-system-2020-2021.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Smart grid Integration of Self Driving Vehicles in urban distribution networks, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020_2021-master-internship-bruno-FRANCOIS.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Impact of unbalance and harmonics on grid-forming controlled VSC, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Impact-of-unbalance-and-harmonics-on-grid-forming-control-of-VSC.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe \u00c9LECTRONIQUE DE PUISSANCE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impact of surroundings on hf transformer\u2019s parameters \u2013 application to ev chargers, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master_2020-2021_TransfoHF.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Performance Assessment of GaN-based Power Devices for E-Mobility, <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-GaN-2020-21_AVtemplate.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Sujets de Master 2019 &#8211; 2020<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>Master thesis<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Sensorless control for integrated multiphase drives using artificial intelligence potentiality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe ELECTRONIQUE DE PUISANCE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Choice and design of DC\/DC power converter for a Li-ion battery \/ supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications<\/li>\n<li>Virtual prototyping of high-frequency planar transformer,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-master-EP-E2SD-Planar-XM.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><\/span><a href=\"mailto:xavier.margueron@centralelille.fr\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Computation of matrix impedance of electrical machines,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-LeMenach-2109.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><\/span><a href=\"mailto:yvonnick.le-menach@univ-lille.fr\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Control Strategy of Grid Forming VSC under Unbalanced AC Grid\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>ROBER, ROBust control of power Electronics converters for distributed Renewable generation in a microgrid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Sujets en collaboration avec des industriels<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>OMN, Modelling and study of induction regulator to provide reactive power to the grid<\/li>\n<li>OMN, Conception et d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un actionneur \u00e9lectrom\u00e9canique pour l\u2019A\u00e9rospatial<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Sujets acad\u00e9miques<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe COMMANDE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>EVOLUTION &#8211; EffectiVeness Of Lorries and bUses using innovative TransmissION<\/li>\n<li>Portable instrument to rapidly measure the mechanical properties of skin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe ELECTRONIQUE DE PUISANCE<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Evaluation of dynamic effects impacting power losses\u00a0in high-frequency GaN converters,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-EP-GaN-Arnaud.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"><\/span><a href=\"mailto:arnaud.videt@univ-lille.fr?subject=Candidature Stage Evaluation of dynamic effects impacting power losses in high-frequency GaN converters\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe OMN<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Electric machine models for sensorless control,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-de-stage_Somfy_2019-2020.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:mailto:michel.hecquet@centralelille.fr,mailto:abdelmounaim.tounzi@univ-lille.fr?subject=Candidature Stage Electric machine models for sensorless control\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Study of the temperature dependency of electrical steel losses,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sujet-Master-MAT-MAG-THERM.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">d\u00e9tails<\/span><\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:abdelkader.benabou@univ-lille.fr?subject=Candidature stage Study of the temperature depency of electrical steel losses\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>High-order numerical approximation of electromagnetic systems,<span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/stage_HHO.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/stage_HHO.pdf\">d\u00e9tails<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/stage_HHO.pdf\"><\/a> <\/span>&#8211; <a href=\"mailto:yvonnick.le-menach@univ-lille.fr,simon.lemaire@inria.fr?subject=stage High-order numerical approximation of electromagnetic systems\"><span style=\"color: #f07e1c;\">contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5>Sujets \u00e9quipe RESEAUX<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sujets de Master 2024 &#8211; 2025 Sujets Master Sujets \u00e9quipe EP High Power Density Design of a HF Transformer for an EV Embedded Charger, d\u00e9tails Design and realization of overcurrent-resistant chip packages, d\u00e9tails Improvement of PCB Layout for Fast-Switching Power Converters, d\u00e9tails Low level control of a half and full bridge sub modules Modular Multilevel [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":156,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9213","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9213"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9218,"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9213\/revisions\/9218"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/l2ep.univ-lille.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}